Update Artikelilmiah: 9403

ANA ROCHVITA, S.Si

NIM

Judul Artikel

Abstrak (Bhs. Indonesia)

Mekanisme internal pengaturan reproduksi ikan ditentukan oleh hormon yang disekresikan oleh poros otak-hipotalamus-pituitari-gonad. Mekanisme internal tersebut dipengaruhi pula oleh faktor lingkungan. Salah satunya adalah senyawa kimia sintetik maupun alami yang terdapat di perairan yang berpotensi menggangu sistem endokrin dengan mempengaruhi fungsi normal hormon. Senyawa tersebut dikategorikan sebagai endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). Ikan yang terpapar senyawa EDCs mengalami gangguan reproduksi seperti penurunan fekunditas, abnormalitas genitalia, perubahan perilaku serta respon terhadap stres dan penyakit. Senyawa EDCs dapat berasal dari berbagai sumber. Senyawa EDCs dari jenis fenol dapat ditemukan pada limbah cair batik. Limbah cair batik di Kabupaten Pekalongan dibuang ke perairan terbuka salah satunya Sungai Meduri. Hal ini dapat menurunkan populasi ikan yang hidup di dalamnya seperti ikan sepat rawa (Trichopodus trichopterus Pallas, 1770). Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengevaluasi performa reproduksi T. trichopterus jantan dan betina yang hidup di Sungai Meduri, mengevaluasi kualitas air Sungai Meduri, dan menganalisis korelasi antara performa reproduksi T. trichopterus dan kualitas air Sungai Meduri.
Penelitian ini dilakukan di lima stasiun pengambilan sampel di Sungai Meduri pada tanggal 26 Juli 2011, 2 Agustus 2011, dan 10 Agustus 2011. Variabel penelitian yang diamati yaitu performa reproduksi T. trichopterus jantan dan betina, serta kualitas air Sungai Meduri. Parameter performa reproduksi ikan jantan yang diamati adalah volume milt, morfologi testis, GSI, histologi testis, jumlah sel spermatozoa, proporsi luas lobula testis berisi spermatozoa, kandungan testosteron, dan HSI. Parameter performa reproduksi ikan betina yang diamati adalah morfologi ovarium, GSI, histologi ovarium, proporsi oosit yang mengalami atresia, fekunditas, kandungan E2 dan HSI. Parameter kualitas fisika air Sungai Meduri yang diamati adalah suhu air, sedangkan parameter kualitas kimia air yang diukur adalah pH, DO, BOD, COD, dan kandungan fenol.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa morfologi dan histologi gonad normal. GSI pada ikan jantan cenderung meningkat selama periode penelitian (tidak terukur-0,32±0,56%). GSI tertinggi dijumpai di stasiun 3 pada periode 10 Agustus 2011, dengan jumlah sel spermatozoa (tidak dapat dihitung), proporsi luas lobula testis berisi spermatozoa sebesar 46,46±35,76%, kandungan testosteron sebesar 3,29±0,26 ng/mL, dan HSI sebesar 0,79±0,38%. GSI pada ikan betina cenderung tinggi pada periode 2 Agustus 2011, dengan nilai tertinggi sebesar 7,90±2,41% dijumpai di stasiun 1, kemudian mengalami penurunan pada periode 10 Agustus 2011, dengan nilai terendah (1,60±1,07%) dijumpai di stasiun 4. Fluktuasi proporsi oosit yang mengalami atresia (0-1,33%), fekunditas (64.481-365.700 butir), kandungan E2 dalam serum (402,93-3.103,47 pg/mL), dan HSI (0,88±0,19%-2,17±0,33%) sejalan dengan perkembangan gonad. Parameter kualitas air Sungai Meduri yang meliputi suhu air (29-34ºC), pH (7-10), DO (0-3,4 mg/L), BOD (5,64-80 mg/L), COD (120-960 mg/L) dan fenol (0,296-6,03 mg/L) melebihi ambang batas baku mutu. Performa reproduksi T. trichopterus jantan maupun betina lebih dipengaruhi oleh suhu air, DO, dan fenol dibandingkan pH, BOD, dan COD. Fenol sebagai EDCs meningkatkan HSI pada ikan jantan, tetapi menurunkan GSI, proporsi luas lobula testis berisi spermatozoa dan kandungan testosteron. Fenol meningkatkan HSI, fekunditas, dan kandungan E2 pada ikan betina, tetapi menurunkan GSI dan proporsi oosit yang mengalami atresia.
Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa performa reproduksi T. trichopterus jantan maupun betina yang tertangkap di Sungai Meduri dikategorikan normal. Kualitas air Sungai Meduri dikategorikan tercemar, tetapi masih mendukung kehidupan T. trichopterus. Performa reproduksi T. trichopterus lebih dipengaruhi suhu air, DO dan fenol. Penelitian lebih lanjut perlu dilakukan untuk mengetahui kadar vitelogenin dalam hepar T. trichopterus jantan dan betina sebagai dampak paparan fenol. Pembentukan dan peningkatan kadar vitelogenin pada ikan jantan maupun betina merupakan salah satu indikator adanya efek estrogenik yang ditimbulkan fenol.

Abtrak (Bhs. Inggris)

Internal mechanisms of fish reproduction is controlled by hormones secreted by the brain-hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis. The mechanism is influenced by environmental factors such as sintetic or natural chemical compounds polluting the water. Such compounds have the potential to disrupt the endocrine system by affecting the normal functioning of hormones. This compound is classified as endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). EDCs exposure to the fish resulted in reproductive disorders indicating by decreases of fecundity, genital abnormalities, behavioral changes and response to stress and disease. EDCs can be derived from various sources. Phenol is one of EDCs found in industrial Batik wastewater. Batik wastewater in Pekalongan was discharged into waters such as the Meduri River. It can decreased fish populations that live in it like a three spot gourami (Trichopodus trichopterus Pallas, 1770). The purpose of the study were to evaluate the reproductive performance of male and female fish that live in the Meduri River, to evaluate water quality of the Meduri River, and to analyze correlation between the reproductive performance of fish with water quality of Meduri River.
This study was conducted at five sampling stations in Meduri River at July 26, 2011, August 2, 2011, and August 10, 2011. The research variables were reproductive performance of male and female, and the water quality of the Meduri River. The parameters of reproductive performance in male were milt volume, morphology of the testes, GSI, histology of the testes, number of sperm, the proportion of testicular lobula containing spermatozoa, serum testosterone concentration, and HSI. Parameters of reproductive performance in female were morphology of the ovary, GSI, histology of the ovary, the proportion of atretic oocytes, fecundity, serum E2 concentration, and HSI. Physical parameters of water quality was water temperature, while the chemical parameters measured were pH, DO, BOD, COD, and phenolic concentration.
The results showed that based on morphological and histological features, the gonads are considerably normal. GSI of the male increased during study period (not measured able until 0.32±0.56%). The highest GSI was found at 3rd station on August 10, 2011 with number of sperm count (not measured able), the proportion of testicular lobula containing spermatozoa 46.46±35.76%, serum testosterone concentration 3.29±0.26 ng/mL, and HSI 0.79±0.38%. GSI of the females was high on August 2, 2011, with the highest value (7.90±2.41%) at 1st station, then decreased on August 10, 2011, with the lowest value (1.60±1.07%) at 4st station. Fluctuation in atretic oocytes proportion (0-1.33%), fecundity (64,481-365,700 eggs), serum E2 concentration (402.93-3,103.47 pg/mL), and HSI (0.88±0.19%-2.17±0.33%) were in agreement to the gonadal development. Water temperature of the Meduri River (29-34ºC), pH (7-10), DO (0-3.4 mg/L), BOD (5.64-80 mg/L), COD (120-960 mg/L), and phenol concentration (0.296-6.03 mg/L). It was higher than the quality standard. Reproductive performance of both male and female fish are more affected by water temperature, DO, and phenol compared pH, BOD, and COD. Phenol as EDCs increased the HSI in male fish, but decreased the GSI, proportions lobula testicular containing spermatozoa and testosterone concentration. Phenol increased the HSI, fecundity, and E2 concentration of female fish, but decreased the GSI and the proportion of atretic oocytes. 
It can be concluded that the reproductive performance of both the male and female T. trichopterus is categorized normal. Water quality of Meduri River is categorized polluted, but still support T. trichopterus life. Reproductive performance of T. trichopterus are more affected by water temperature, DO and phenol. Further research is needed to determine vitelogenin levels of liver in males and females fish as a result of exposure to phenol. Production or elevated of vitellogenin levels in male and female fish is an indicator of estrogenic effect of phenol.

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