Update Artikelilmiah: 54797

ROSYIDAH ANDRY AL-FIYAH

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Abstrak (Bhs. Indonesia)

Sekolah menengah  kejuruan  (SMK) dirancang  untuk  menghasilkan  lulusan  vokasional dan siap memasuki dunia kerja. Namun, di Kabupaten Cilacap sebagai kawasan industri di Jawa Tegah, lulusan SMK justru menjadi penyumbang terbesar pengangguran terbuka. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengeksplorasi  pengalaman  subjektif  lulusan  SMK  dalam  transisi menuju   dunia kerja, mengidentifikasi hambatan yang mereka hadapi, serta mendeskripsikan  strategi  bertahan  hidup dalam menghadapi keterbatasan peluang kerja.  Penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi. Data primer diperoleh melalui wawancara mendalam dan observasi; data sekunder diperoleh melalui jurnal dan referensi serta berbagai dokumen yang relevan. Sasaran penelitian adalah para  pencari kerja lulusan SMK yang telah menganggur lebih dari satu tahun, dan pihak  Dinas  Ketenagakerjaan  dan  Perindustrian  Kabupaten  Cilacap. Analisis data menggunakan model analisis interaktif dari Miles dan Huberman. Hasil  penelitian  menunjukkan bahwa lulusan SMK menghadapi hambatan struktural dan sosial, meliputi kesenjangan antara teknologi teknologi pembelajaran di sekolah dengan kebutuhan industri, rendahnya penguasaan soft skills, penahanan dokumen kelulusan akibat persoalan administrasi (keuangan), penerapan sistem Perjanjian Kerja Waktu Tertentu (PWKT), keterbatasan akses informasi lowongan kerja, serta bergesernya fungsi jaringan pertemanan menjadi praktik percaloan berbayar yang memanfaatkan 
kedekatan personal (‘orang dalam’) sebagai akses memperoleh pekerjaan. Menghadapi kondisi tersebut, para lulusan  mengembangkan berbagai strategi adaptif, seperti memanfaatkan media sosial sebagai sumber informasi lowongan kerja, mengikuti pelatihan dan sertifikasi secara mandiri, serta 
membangun usaha mikro, seperti toko buket bunga dan usaha mendoan. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa transisi lulusan SMK menuju dunia kerja tidak hanya dipengaruhi oleh kesenjangan kompetensi, tetapi juga oleh hambatan structural pasar kerja dan perubahan relasi sosial di kalangan para pencari kerja. Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi pada pengembangan kajian sosiologi pendidikan dengan menunjukkan bahwa pengangguran lulusan SMK merupakan persoalan multidimensional yang memerlukan penguatan kompetensi berbasis kebutuhan industri, modernisasi fasilitas praktik di sekolah dan pengembangan soft skills, sehingga lulusan yang dihasilkan sejalan dengan kebutuhan dunia industri. Selain itu, perlu perluasan akses informasi dunia kerja serta penguatan pendidikan kewirausahaan sebagai alternatif kemandirian ekonomi lulusan.

Abtrak (Bhs. Inggris)

Vocational High Schools (SMK) are designed to produce vocational graduates who are ready to enter the workforce. However, in Cilacap Regency, known as an industrial area in Central Java, SMK graduates are precisely the largest contributors to open unemployment. This study aims to explore the subjective experiences of SMK graduates during their transition into the workforce, identify the barriers they face, and describe their survival strategies in coping with limited job opportunities. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. Primary data were obtained through in-depth interviews and observations, while secondary data were gathered from journals, references, and relevant documents. The research targets were job seekers who graduated from SMK and have been unemployed for more than one year, as well as officials from the Manpower and Industry Office of Cilacap Regency. Data analysis used the interactive analysis model by Miles and Huberman. The results indicate that SMK graduates face structural and social barriers, including a gap between the learning technology used in schools and the actual demands of the industry, low mastery of soft skills, withholding of graduation certificates due to administrative (financial) issues, the implementation of fixed-term employment contracts (PKWT), limited access to job vacancy information, 
and a shift in the function of friendship networks into paid job-brokerage practices that exploit personal connections ('insiders') as a means to secure employment. Facing these conditions, graduates develop various adaptive strategies, such as utilizing social media as a source of job vacancy information, independently participating in training and certification programs, and establishing micro-businesses, such as flower bouquet shops and *mendoan* (traditional fried tempeh) businesses. The findings of this study demonstrate that the transition of SMK graduates into the workforce is influenced not only by competence gaps but also by structural barriers in the labor market and shifting social relations among job seekers. This research contributes to the development of the sociology of education by showing that unemployment among SMK graduates is a multidimensional issue requiring the strengthening of competencies based on industry needs, modernization of practical facilities in schools, and soft skills development to ensure graduates align with industrial demands. Furthermore, it highlights the need for expanding access to job market information and strengthening entrepreneurship education as alternatives for the economic independence of graduates.

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